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Bruno around his neck

Introduction This is the fourth annual blog describing key findings about smoking and e-cigarette (EC) use/vaping from the NZ Health Survey (NZHS)

In support of this theory, higher concentration of IL-1a, IL-1, and soluble IL-1RA (sIL-1RA) have been demonstrated in serum of smokers compared to nonsmokers with active autoimmune thyroid disease.[] SMOKING AND THYROID HORMONE LEVELS Due to multiple contrasting pathways in which tobacco smoke can affect the functioning of thyroid gland, individual cross-sectional studies have reported a decrease, an increase, or no effect[] of smoking on the peripheral thyroid hormones [Table 2]