The peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor coactivator 1 (PGC1) is a major regulator of mitochondrial biology through at least 2 splice variants (5): the canonical longer PGC1 isoform 1 regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function, whereas the shorter PGC1 isoform 4 (6) increases muscle mass and strength in cachectic muscle (7) and sarcopenia (8)
Without adequate protein intake and strength training, GLP-1s can lead to loss of lean mass along with fat
However, coffee should not be your primary hydration source, and excessive consumption can worsen acid reflux and anxiety that some GLP-1 users experience
Overproduction of free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species leads to oxidative stress, which is associated with the pathophysiology of various human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease), rheumatoid arthritis, and ageing
