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B-12 deficiency has also been linked to increased fat accumulation and obesity

& Lignani, G

Then what we do in humans is we kind of rely on our best proxy biomarkers that we think reflect the systems that drive aging and we can measure those things over time and sort of estimate what we think is the effective this dietary change or that dietary change or this lifestyle change or that drug change on those things

In response to physical stimuli, these molecules can initiate signal transduction, modulate the intracellular ion concentration (e.g., calcium, sodium, and chloride), influence cellular tension, volume, and shape, and trigger transcriptional changes, thereby contributing to therapeutic resistance and mediating profound changes in cellular functions, including division, and migration (see sections below)